Climate-Driven Transmission Dynamics of Dengue and Malaria: A Compartmental Modelling Framework Incorporating Temperature, Rainfall, and Humidity

Title

Climate-Driven Transmission Dynamics of Dengue and Malaria: A Compartmental Modelling Framework Incorporating Temperature, Rainfall, and Humidity

Author

1. Yogita Sudhakar Naik, Professor, Ghanshyamdas Saraf College of Arts and Commerce, India

Abstract

Climate change is altering the epidemiological landscape of vector-borne diseases, with dengue fever and malaria presenting particular challenges for public health systems in tropical and subtropical regions. This study develops and analyses a climate-sensitive compartmental model based on a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that incorporates temperature, rainfall, and humidity as dynamic inputs governing mosquito population biology and disease transmission. The basic reproduction number (R₀) is derived analytically, and local stability conditions for both the disease-free equilibrium (DFE) and the endemic equilibrium (EE) are established. Numerical simulations conducted over a three-year horizon under baseline and perturbed climate scenarios reveal that temperature is the dominant driver of outbreak intensity (PRCC = 0.75), with a +2°C anomaly sufficient to push R₀ above unity and elevate outbreak probability beyond 80% in high-density urban settings. Dengue transmission peaks at 37.5°C with 120–140 mm monthly rainfall, while malaria transmission is optimal at 25°C with relative humidity exceeding 70%. These findings quantify critical climatic thresholds and underscore the need to integrate climate projections into epidemiological early-warning systems and adaptive public health policy.

Keywords

Conclusion

This study has developed an analytically tractable, climate-sensitive SEIR-V compartmental model for dengue fever and malaria, incorporating temperature-, rainfall-, and humidity-dependent mosquito population functions derived from empirical thermal performance curves. The basic reproduction number R₀ was derived analytically using the next-generation matrix method, and local stability of the disease-free and endemic equilibria was established. Numerical simulations and PRCC-based sensitivity analysis quantified the relative contributions of climatic drivers to outbreak intensity and identified critical thresholds—notably a +2°C temperature anomaly and 80% relative humidity—beyond which epidemic potential increases nonlinearly.

Temperature emerged as the dominant climatic driver (PRCC = 0.75), followed by rainfall and humidity, with disease-specific thermal optima consistent with established empirical findings. The model also captured the temporal offset between dengue and malaria seasonal peaks in South Asian settings, providing a basis for coordinated surveillance and resource planning.

Future work should extend the model to include spatial heterogeneity through patch or partial differential equation formulations, incorporate age-structured human populations, and validate against multi-year surveillance data from high-burden districts in India. Coupling the model with regional climate model outputs under IPCC SSP scenarios would enable quantitative projections of long-term disease burden under alternative emission pathways.

Author Contrubution

The author confirms sole responsibility for all stages of the study, including design, data collection, analysis, and manuscript writing.

Funding

This study did not receive specific financial support from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Data Sharing Statement

Not applicable

Software And Tools Use

Not applicable

Acknowledgements

I appreciate the assistance and expertise provided by everyone involved in this research and manuscript, and the valuable comments from peer reviewers.