TY - M-10428
AU - Butt, Muddassir
TI - Advances in Ballistic Protection: A Review of Ramor Steels and Hybrid Composite Laminates.
T2 - Scientific Research Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology

PY - 2025
VL - 3
IS - 2
SN - 2584-0584

AB - Ballistic protection materials play a decisive role in modern defense systems, armored vehicles, and personal protection equipment, where the dual requirement of high impact resistance and reduced structural weight presents a persistent engineering challenge. This review presents a comprehensive and critical assessment of high-hardness armor steels, with particular emphasis on Ramor steel grades, alongside hybrid composite laminate systems used for ballistic protection. Peer-reviewed experimental investigations, standardized ballistic testing methodologies, and validated numerical simulations reported in the literature are systematically reviewed and compared. Special focus is placed on material behavior under high strain-rate loading, dominant failure mechanisms, and finite element modeling approaches implemented using ABAQUS/Explicit, including Johnson–Cook constitutive and damage models for steels and progressive damage formulations for composites. The review highlights the comparative performance, advantages, and limitations of monolithic steel, composite, and hybrid armor systems. Finally, current research gaps and future directions are identified to guide the development of lightweight, high-performance ballistic protection materials.

KW - Ballistic protection
KW - Ramor steel
KW - high-hardness armor steel
KW -  hybrid composite laminates
KW - finite element modeling
KW - ABAQUS
DO -