Basalt-rich geological formations have emerged as one of the most promising natural systems for permanent CO₂ sequestration due to their high reactivity with injected carbon dioxide and their ability to form stable carbonate minerals. Recent research has significantly advanced the understanding of basalt–CO₂ interactions, covering mineral dissolution kinetics, aqueous and gas–solid phase pathways, reactive transport behavior, and the impact of fracture networks on mineralization efficiency. Studies have highlighted the role of basaltic minerals—especially olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase—in accelerating carbonation reactions and enhancing long-term storage security. Mechanistic investigations have provided molecular-scale insights into surface reactions, revealing that basalt–CO₂ interactions proceed through coupled dissolution–precipitation pathways governed by temperature, fluid composition, and mineral structure. Process-controlled mineralization shows that manipulating flow regimes, pH, and reactive surface area can significantly boost carbonation rates and tune reservoir properties for optimal storage. Studies exploring low-kinetic gas–solid to aqueous transitions further demonstrate new technological routes for CCS using basalt under varied environmental conditions. Large-scale modeling efforts provide a systems view of mineral trapping and estimate long-term storage potential under realistic field conditions. Collectively, these studies outline a maturing scientific and technological framework for CO₂ mineralization in basalt and position basaltic systems as viable, scalable solutions for global decarbonization efforts.