The rapid rise of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has introduced a new chapter in the human–technology relationship, one that challenges traditional understandings of identity, culture, and agency. Unlike earlier computational systems that operated primarily as tools, generative AI systems such as ChatGPT, DALL·E, MidJourney, and Gemini function as cultural co-creators: they produce text, images, sounds, and decisions that directly interact with human meaning-making practices. This paper introduces the concept of algorithmic anthropology, a new interdisciplinary approach to studying how AI technologies mediate and transform human identity. Drawing on anthropological theories, digital ethnography, and case studies from finance, art, and everyday human–machine interactions, the research examines how generative AI influences self-expression, cultural continuity, and social relationships. Findings highlight the dual role of AI as both an enabler of creativity and accessibility and a potential source of homogenization, bias, and cultural erasure. By situating AI as an active cultural agent rather than a passive tool, this paper argues that anthropological inquiry must adapt to capture the dynamics of algorithmic co-authorship. The discussion points to broader implications for ethics, inclusivity, and governance, calling for a holistic framework that balances innovation with respect for diverse cultural identities. Ultimately, algorithmic anthropology provides a lens through which to reimagine human identity in an age where algorithms and humans are entwined in the co-production of meaning.